生物降解材料，亦稱為“綠色生態(tài)材料”，指的是在土壤微生物和酶的作用下能降解的材料。具體地講，就是指在一定條件下，能在細菌、霉菌、藻類等自然界的微生物作用下，導致生物降解的高分子材料。

Biodegradable materials, also known as "green ecological materials," refer to materials that can be degraded under the action of soil microorganisms and enzymes. Specifically, it refers to polymer materials that can be biodegraded under certain conditions by natural microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and algae.

理想的可生物降解材料是一種具有優(yōu)良的使用性能、廢棄后可被環(huán)境微生物完全分解、轉(zhuǎn)化成CO2和H2O而成為自然界中碳素循環(huán)的一個組成部分的高分子材料。

The ideal biodegradable material is a polymer material with excellent performance, which can be completely decomposed by environmental microorganisms after being discarded, and ultimately converted into CO2 and H2O, becoming a component of the carbon cycle in nature.

生物降解材料的分解主要是通過微生物的作用，因而，生物降解材料的降解機理即材料被細菌、霉菌等作用消化吸收的過程。，微生物向體外分泌水解酶與材料表面結合，通過水解切斷表面的高分子鏈，生成小分子量的化合物，然后降解的生成物被微生物攝入體內(nèi)，經(jīng)過種種代謝路線，合成微生物體物或轉(zhuǎn)化為微生物活動的能量，終轉(zhuǎn)化成水和二氧化碳。按其降解的化學本質(zhì)則分為水解和酶解兩種。

The decomposition of biodegradable materials is mainly through the action of microorganisms, therefore, the degradation mechanism of biodegradable materials is the process of material digestion and absorption by bacteria, fungi, and other factors. Firstly, microorganisms secrete hydrolytic enzymes to bind with the surface of the material, hydrolyze and cut off the polymer chains on the surface to generate small molecular weight compounds. The degraded products are then ingested into the body by microorganisms, and through various metabolic pathways, they synthesize microbial biomass or convert it into energy for microbial activity, ultimately converting it into water and carbon dioxide. According to the chemical nature of its degradation, it can be divided into two types: hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis.

在生物可降解材料中，對降解起主要作用的是細菌、霉菌、真菌和放線菌等微生物，按其降解作用的形式又可分為3種：

In biodegradable materials, microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, fungi, and actinomycetes play a major role in degradation, and can be further divided into three types according to their forms of degradation:

生物的物理作用，由于生物細胞的增長而使材料發(fā)生機械性毀壞；

The physical effects of biology cause mechanical damage to materials due to the growth of biological cells;

生物的生化作用，微生物對材料作用而產(chǎn)生新的物質(zhì)；

The biochemical effects of organisms, where microorganisms act on materials to produce new substances;

酶的直接作用，微生物侵蝕材料制品部分成分進而導致材料分解或氧化崩潰。

The direct action of enzymes can lead to microbial erosion of some components of material products, resulting in material decomposition or oxidation collapse.

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